Taxonomy, systematics, binomial nomenclature.

Five‑kingdom system, Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia.

Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms.

Phylum Porifera to Chordata, classification, body plans.

Root, stem, leaf, flower, fruit, seed — structure and modifications.

Tissues, meristems, simple & complex tissues, secondary growth.

Tissues, organs, organ systems — earthworm, cockroach, frog.

Cell theory, prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells, organelles.

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, enzymes.

Interphase, mitosis, meiosis, significance of cell division.

Light reaction, Calvin cycle, C₄ pathway, photorespiration.

Glycolysis, TCA cycle, ETS, fermentation, amphibolic pathway.

Growth regulators, photoperiodism, vernalisation, senescence.

Human respiratory system, transport of gases, disorders.

Blood, lymph, heart, cardiac cycle, ECG, disorders.

Kidney, nephron, urine formation, osmoregulation.

Muscles, skeletal system, joints, disorders.

Neuron, CNS, PNS, reflex action, sense organs.

Endocrine glands, hormones, feedback mechanism.

Flower structure, pollination, fertilization, seed & fruit.

Gametogenesis, menstrual cycle, fertilization, embryo development.

Population control, STIs, IVF, contraception, MTP.

Mendel's laws, linkage, crossing over, chromosomal disorders.

DNA replication, transcription, translation, genetic code.

Origin of life, Darwinism, evidence, human evolution.

Immunity, AIDS, cancer, drugs, alcohol, infectious diseases.

Microbes in food, industry, sewage treatment, biogas, bioremediation.

Recombinant DNA, PCR, restriction enzymes, cloning vectors.

Transgenic organisms, gene therapy, molecular diagnosis, vaccines.

Habitat, niche, population attributes, growth models, interactions.

Structure, productivity, decomposition, energy flow, succession.

Biodiversity patterns, loss, conservation strategies, hotspots.