📘 English Learning Zone
⚖️ Subject-Verb Agreement
कर्ता-क्रिया का मेल – सभी नियम, अपवाद, और विशेष स्थितियाँ —
सीखें Subject-Verb Agreement के सम्पूर्ण नियम 5-5 उदाहरणों के साथ।
✅ 30 Quiz Questions · ✅ 25 Matching Pairs · ✅ Detailed Notes
🎯 Learning Objectives
Introduction (Theory)
Rule 1: Basic Rule – Singular/Plural
Rule 2: 'and' – Plural Verb (Exception: One Unit)
Rule 3: 'or/nor' – Nearest Subject Rule
Rule 4: Indefinite Pronouns – Singular Verb
Rule 5: Collective Nouns – Singular/Plural
Rule 6: Amounts, Measurements, Time, Distance
Rule 7: The number of / A number of
Rule 8: 'along with', 'as well as' – First Subject
Rule 9: 'There is' / 'There are' – Subject after Verb
Rule 10: Plural Form, Singular Meaning
Rule 11: The + Adjective (the rich, the poor)
Rule 12: Special Cases – 'Many a', 'More than one', Gerund Subject
Matching Exercise (25 Pairs)
Practice Quiz (30 Q)
📘 Introduction: Subject-Verb Agreement
Subject-Verb Agreement (कर्ता-क्रिया का मेल) अंग्रेज़ी व्याकरण का एक महत्वपूर्ण नियम है जो बताता है कि वाक्य में Subject (कर्ता) और Verb (क्रिया) का Number (एकवचन/बहुवचन) और Person (पुरुष) में मेल होना चाहिए। यानी Singular Subject के साथ Singular Verb और Plural Subject के साथ Plural Verb आती है। इस चैप्टर में हम Subject-Verb Agreement के सभी नियमों, अपवादों, और विशेष स्थितियों को विस्तार से समझेंगे।
📌 Golden Rule
- 🔹 Singular Subject → Singular Verb – He reads a book.
- 🔹 Plural Subject → Plural Verb – They read books.
- 🔹 Note: Subject का Number, Person, और Gender – Verb उसी के अनुसार बदलता है।
🔍 Key Points
- Singular Verbs usually end with -s or -es (Present Simple) – he goes, she reads
- Plural Verbs do not end with -s – they go, we read
- Exceptions: I – singular but takes plural verb – I go (not I goes)
- You – always takes plural verb – you go, you were
📖 Detailed Notes – Rules with 5 Examples Each
1
Rule 1: Basic Rule – Singular/Plural
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- Singular Subject → Singular Verb (Verb + -s/-es) – She reads. He goes.
- Plural Subject → Plural Verb (Verb without -s) – They read. We go.
- Exception 1 – I: Singular but takes plural verb – I go. I am.
- Exception 2 – You: Always plural verb – You go. You were.
- Exception 3 – She/He/It: Singular verb – She goes. He is. It rains.
📝 5 Examples:
- Singular: She reads a book.
- Plural: They read books.
- Singular: He goes to school.
- Plural: We go to school.
- I: I am happy. (not I is)
2
Rule 2: 'and' – Plural Verb (Exception: One Unit)
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- Rule: दो Subjects को 'and' से जोड़ने पर Plural Verb आती है।
- Ram and Shyam are friends.
- Exception 1 – One Unit: यदि दो Subjects एक इकाई (unit) बनाते हैं, तो Singular Verb।
- Bread and butter is my favourite breakfast. (एक इकाई)
- Exception 2 – Same person/thing: यदि दोनों एक ही व्यक्ति/वस्तु को refer करें – The poet and philosopher is coming. (एक ही व्यक्ति)
- Exception 3 – Each/Every: 'Each' या 'Every' के साथ Singular Verb – Every boy and girl is present.
📝 5 Examples:
- Plural: Ram and Shyam are coming.
- One Unit: Bread and butter is delicious.
- Same Person: The poet and philosopher is here. (एक ही व्यक्ति)
- Each: Every boy and girl is present.
- Plural: My father and mother are doctors.
3
Rule 3: 'or/nor' – Nearest Subject Rule
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- Rule: 'or' या 'nor' से जुड़े Subjects में Verb निकटतम Subject (nearest) के अनुसार आती है।
- Either Ram or Shyam is coming. (Shyam – singular)
- Either Ram or his brothers are coming. (brothers – plural)
- Neither the teacher nor the students are present. (students – plural)
- Note: यह नियम 'either...or', 'neither...nor', 'or', 'nor' – सभी पर लागू होता है।
- Formal style: कभी-कभी plural verb का प्रयोग दोनों को plural मानकर भी किया जा सकता है, लेकिन nearest subject rule अधिक सामान्य है।
📝 5 Examples:
- Singular: Either Ram or Shyam is coming.
- Plural (nearest): Either Ram or his brothers are coming.
- Singular: Neither the teacher nor the student is present.
- Plural (nearest): Neither the teacher nor the students are present.
- Plural (nearest): Either the boys or their father is coming. (father – singular)
4
Rule 4: Indefinite Pronouns – Singular Verb
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- Rule: Indefinite Pronouns (एकवचन) हमेशा Singular Verb लेते हैं।
- List: anyone, anyone, anything, everybody, everyone, everything, nobody, no one, nothing, somebody, someone, something, each, either, neither, much, little, etc.
- Everyone likes ice-cream. (likes – singular)
- Somebody has taken my pen. (has – singular)
- Exception: none, any, some, most, all – ये Singular/Plural हो सकते हैं (अर्थ पर निर्भर)।
- None of the students is/are present. (दोनों स्वीकार्य)
- All of the water is gone. (uncountable – singular) / All of the students are here. (plural)
📝 5 Examples:
- Everyone: Everyone likes pizza.
- Somebody: Somebody has called you.
- Nobody: Nobody knows the answer.
- Each: Each of the students has a book.
- Neither: Neither of them is correct.
5
Rule 5: Collective Nouns – Singular/Plural
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- Collective Nouns: team, family, jury, committee, audience, crowd, group, army, staff, etc.
- Singular (as a unit): जब समूह एक इकाई के रूप में काम करे – The team is playing well.
- Plural (as individuals): जब समूह के सदस्य अलग-अलग कार्य करें – The team are arguing among themselves.
- Note: अमेरिकी अंग्रेज़ी (American English) में Collective Nouns को अक्सर Singular माना जाता है।
- British English: दोनों forms स्वीकार्य हैं, लेकिन Singular अधिक सामान्य।
📝 5 Examples:
- Singular (unit): The team is winning.
- Plural (individuals): The team are celebrating in different ways.
- Singular: My family is large.
- Plural: The jury have different opinions.
- Singular: The committee has decided.
6
Rule 6: Amounts, Measurements, Time, Distance – Singular Verb
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- Rule: राशि (amounts), माप (measurements), समय (time), और दूरी (distance) – Singular Verb लेते हैं।
- Five thousand rupees is a lot of money.
- Ten kilometres is a long distance.
- Two hours is enough time.
- Note: ये एक single unit के रूप में मानी जाती हैं।
- Exception: यदि इन्हें बहुवचन के रूप में समझा जाए (व्यक्तिगत वस्तुएँ) तो Plural Verb आ सकती है – Five hundred rupees are lying on the table. (यदि अलग-अलग नोट) – लेकिन यह असामान्य है।
📝 5 Examples:
- Five hundred rupees is not enough.
- Twenty miles is a long walk.
- Three hours is too long to wait.
- Ten litres of water is enough.
- Two kilograms of sugar is needed.
7
Rule 7: The number of / A number of
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- 'The number of' + Plural Noun → Singular Verb – संख्या को दर्शाता है।
- The number of students is increasing.
- 'A number of' + Plural Noun → Plural Verb – 'कई' (many) के अर्थ में।
- A number of students are absent today.
- Note: 'The number' – singular; 'A number' – plural.
- Similar: 'The majority of' – singular/plural (अर्थ पर); 'A variety of' – plural.
📝 5 Examples:
- The number: The number of students is 50.
- A number: A number of students are here.
- The number: The number of books is limited.
- A number: A number of books are missing.
- The number: The number of cars on the road is increasing.
8
Rule 8: 'along with', 'as well as' – First Subject
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- Rule: 'along with', 'as well as', 'together with', 'in addition to', 'accompanied by', 'with' – इन phrases के साथ Verb पहले Subject के अनुसार आती है।
- The teacher, along with her students, is going on a trip. (teacher – singular)
- The students, along with the teacher, are going on a trip. (students – plural)
- Note: इन phrases को parentheses में समझें – ये Subject का हिस्सा नहीं हैं, बल्कि अतिरिक्त जानकारी हैं।
📝 5 Examples:
- Singular: The manager, along with his team, is present.
- Plural: The students, as well as the teacher, are excited.
- Singular: My mother, together with my father, is coming.
- Plural: The boys, along with their sister, are playing.
- Singular: The book, in addition to the notes, is helpful.
9
Rule 9: 'There is' / 'There are' – Subject after Verb
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- Rule: 'There is' / 'There are' में Verb उस Subject के अनुसार आती है जो Verb के बाद आता है।
- There is a book on the table. (book – singular)
- There are many books on the table. (books – plural)
- Note: 'There' एक dummy subject है – असली Subject Verb के बाद आता है।
- Contraction: There's = There is (singular); There're = There are (plural – less common)
📝 5 Examples:
- Singular: There is a cat on the roof.
- Plural: There are many flowers in the garden.
- Singular: There is some milk in the fridge.
- Plural: There are several reasons for this.
- Singular: There is someone at the door.
10
Rule 10: Plural Form, Singular Meaning – Singular Verb
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- Rule: कुछ Nouns plural form में होते हैं (ending with -s) लेकिन अर्थ singular होता है – Singular Verb।
- List: news, mathematics, physics, economics, politics, gymnastics, athletics, statistics, measles, mumps, rabies, etc.
- The news is good. (not are)
- Mathematics is my favourite subject.
- Exception: कुछ plural form nouns plural verb लेते हैं – scissors, trousers, glasses, jeans, pants – These scissors are sharp.
- Note: 'Statistics' – singular (subject) या plural (data) हो सकता है अर्थ पर निर्भर।
📝 5 Examples:
- News: The news is encouraging.
- Mathematics: Mathematics is difficult for some.
- Physics: Physics is an interesting subject.
- Economics: Economics is about money.
- Measles: Measles is a contagious disease.
11
Rule 11: The + Adjective (the rich, the poor) – Plural Verb
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- Rule: 'The + Adjective' (the rich, the poor, the old, the young, the blind, the deaf, etc.) – एक समूह (group) को दर्शाता है – Plural Verb लेता है।
- The rich are getting richer.
- The poor need our help.
- Note: ये Adjectives को Nouns की तरह प्रयोग किया जाता है, और ये हमेशा Plural होते हैं।
- Exception: यदि किसी विशेष व्यक्ति को refer कर रहे हों, तो Singular – The accused is innocent. (विशेष व्यक्ति)
- Similar: the unemployed, the homeless, the elderly, the sick – सभी Plural Verb लेते हैं।
📝 5 Examples:
- Plural: The rich are often happy.
- Plural: The poor need our support.
- Plural: The old are respected in our society.
- Plural: The blind are helped by guide dogs.
- Plural: The unemployed are looking for jobs.
12
Rule 12: Special Cases – 'Many a', 'More than one', Gerund Subject
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- 'Many a' + Singular Noun → Singular Verb: Many a student has failed.
- 'More than one' + Singular Noun → Singular Verb: More than one student was absent.
- Gerund/Infinitive as Subject → Singular Verb: Reading is fun. To err is human.
- 'One of the' + Plural Noun + Relative Pronoun → Verb agrees with antecedent (plural): He is one of the students who have passed. (pass – plural, because antecedent is 'students')
- 'The only one of' + Plural Noun → Singular Verb: He is the only one of the students who has passed. (has – singular, because antecedent is 'one')
- 'It' as subject → Singular Verb: It is important.
- 'Here' and 'There' – similar to 'there is/are': Here is your book. Here are your books.
- 'Every' + Noun → Singular Verb: Every student has a pen.
- 'All' – can be singular (uncountable) or plural (countable): All is well. All are happy.
- Fraction/Percentage + Noun → Verb agrees with the noun: Half of the apple is rotten. Half of the apples are rotten.
📝 5 Examples:
- Many a: Many a soldier has died in the war.
- More than one: More than one book is missing.
- Gerund: Running is good for health.
- One of the...: She is one of the students who have won.
- Fraction: Half of the students are present.
🧩 Matching Exercise (25 Pairs)
🎯 Practice Quiz: Subject-Verb Agreement (30 Q)
(सिंक में #practice-quiz जुड़ेंगा)