Conjunction – दो शब्दों/वाक्यांशों/वाक्यों को जोड़ने वाला शब्द।

• Coordinating: समान तत्वों को जोड़ते हैं (FANBOYS) – and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so
• Subordinating: एक मुख्य clause को एक dependent clause से जोड़ते हैं – because, although, when, if, since, while, unless, etc.
• Correlative: जोड़े में आते हैं – both...and, either...or, neither...nor, not only...but also, whether...or, such...that

FANBOYS – समान स्तर के words, phrases, या clauses को जोड़ते हैं।

• F – For: कारण (because) – He is happy, for he has succeeded.
• A – And: जोड़ना/अतिरिक्त – She sings and dances.
• N – Nor: नकारात्मक जोड़ (not...nor) – He does not smoke nor drink.
• B – But: विरोध/अंतर – She is small but strong.
• O – Or: विकल्प – Tea or coffee?
• Y – Yet: विरोध/आश्चर्य – He is poor yet honest.
• S – So: परिणाम – She was tired, so she slept.

Comma Rule: जब FANBOYS दो Independent Clauses को जोड़ें, तो comma (,) लगाएँ। She was tired, so she slept.

• Time (समय): when, while, as, since, until, till, before, after, as soon as, once, as long as, whenever, now that
• Cause/Reason (कारण): because, since, as, now that, in as much as
• Condition (शर्त): if, unless, provided that, as long as, in case, on condition that, even if, whether

• Purpose (उद्देश्य): so that, in order that, lest (fear) – He studied hard so that he could pass.
• Contrast/Concession (विरोध): although, though, even though, while, whereas, albeit – Although he is rich, he is not happy.
• Manner (रीति): as, as if, as though, just as – She acted as if she was angry.
• Place (स्थान): where, wherever, everywhere – I will go where you go.
• Result/Consequence: so...that, such...that – She is so beautiful that everyone admires her.

• both...and: दोनों – She is both kind and intelligent.
• either...or: या तो...या – Either you come or I go.
• neither...nor: न...न – He neither smokes nor drinks.
• not only...but also: न केवल...बल्कि – She not only sings but also dances.
• whether...or: चाहे...या – I don't know whether he will come or not.
• such...that: इतना...कि – It was such a beautiful view that we were amazed.
• so...that: इतना...कि – He is so weak that he cannot walk.
• as...as: उतना...जितना – She is as tall as her brother.
• no sooner...than: जैसे ही...तब – No sooner had I arrived than it started raining.
• hardly...when: मुश्किल से...कि – Hardly had I entered when the bell rang.
• rather...than: के बजाय – I would rather walk than take a taxi.

Important: Correlative conjunctions में elements parallel (same structure) होने चाहिए। She not only sings but also dances. (verb+verb)

• Parallelism (समानता): Conjunction से जुड़े elements का grammatical structure समान होना चाहिए।
• Incorrect: She likes swimming, dancing, and to sing. (not parallel)
• Correct: She likes swimming, dancing, and singing. (parallel – all gerunds)
• Correct: She likes to swim, to dance, and to sing. (parallel – all infinitives)
• Comma Rule with Coordinating Conjunctions: जब दो Independent Clauses हों, तो comma (,) लगाएँ।
• Oxford Comma: List में three or more items – I bought apples, bananas, and oranges. (optional but recommended)
• Subordinating Conjunction में comma: यदि subordinate clause पहले आता है, तो comma (,) लगाएँ – Because it was raining, we stayed home. (यदि main clause पहले आए, तो comma नहीं – We stayed home because it was raining.)
• Correlative Conjunctions में Parallelism: दोनों parts में समान structure – She not only sings but also dances.

• Because vs Since vs As: सभी "because" के अर्थ में, लेकिन "since" समय का भी अर्थ दे सकता है। Since you are here, let's start. (cause) vs Since 2010, I have been here. (time)
• Although vs Though vs Even though: सभी विरोध दिखाते हैं। "Even though" more emphatic। Although it was raining, we went out.
• Unless vs If...not: दोनों condition (negative) – Unless you study, you will fail. (= If you do not study, you will fail.)
• So...that vs Such...that: So + Adjective/Adverb + that (so tall that) vs Such + (a/an) + Adjective + Noun + that (such a tall building that)
• Lest: Negative purpose – He ran fast lest he should miss the train. (lest + should + V1)
• Provided that / As long as: Condition – You can go provided that you come back early.
• While vs Whereas: While – time (when) या contrast; Whereas – contrast only. While I was sleeping, the phone rang. (time) vs He is rich whereas I am poor. (contrast)
• Whether vs If: दोनों condition में, लेकिन "whether" का प्रयोग "or" के साथ भी होता है। I don't know whether he will come or not.

• Same word, different roles: after, before, since, until, for – ये Conjunction, Preposition, या Adverb हो सकते हैं।
• Conjunction: जोड़ता है two clauses – I went after I finished work. (clause + clause)
• Preposition: जोड़ता है Noun/Pronoun – I went after work. (clause + noun)
• Adverb: modify करता है Verb – I went after. (without object)
• For: Conjunction (because – He is happy, for he has won.) vs Preposition (duration – I waited for an hour.)
• Since: Conjunction (time/cause – Since you are here, let's start.) vs Preposition (time – since 2010) vs Adverb (time – I have been here ever since.)
• Like vs As: Like – Preposition (Noun के साथ) – She sings like a bird. / As – Conjunction (clause के साथ) – She sings as a bird sings.
• But: Conjunction (contrast – He is rich but unhappy.) vs Preposition (except – Everyone but me came.) vs Adverb (only – He is but a child.)