🗣️ Direct & Indirect Speech
Narration (प्रत्यक्ष व अप्रत्यक्ष कथन) — सीखें कि किसी के कहे गए शब्दों को
दो तरीकों से कैसे व्यक्त करें और उनके नियम क्या हैं।
✅ 30 Quiz Questions · ✅ 25 Matching Pairs · ✅ Detailed Notes
🎯 Learning Objectives
📘 What is Narration?
किसी व्यक्ति द्वारा कहे गए शब्दों को दो तरीकों से व्यक्त किया जा सकता है: Direct Speech (प्रत्यक्ष कथन) और Indirect Speech (अप्रत्यक्ष कथन)।
📌 Basic Difference
🗣️ Direct Speech
Exact words of the speaker, enclosed in inverted commas (" ").
Example: Ram said, "I am going to school."
📝 Indirect Speech
Reporter's words – no commas, uses 'that' or other conjunctions, changes tense/pronouns.
Example: Ram said that he was going to school.
🔎 Structure Overview
| Type | Reporting Verb | Connector | Reported Speech |
|---|---|---|---|
| Direct | He said, | " " | "I am happy." |
| Indirect | He said | that | he was happy. |
💡 Golden Rules (सुनहरे नियम)
- Inverted commas (") हटा देते हैं।
- Reporting Verb (say/tell) के अनुसार tense बदलता है।
- Pronouns (I, we, you, etc.) को Subject या Object के अनुसार बदलते हैं।
- Time & Place के words (now, here, today, etc.) बदलते हैं।
📖 Detailed Notes
Direct Speech: The exact words of the speaker are quoted inside quotation marks.
Indirect Speech: The meaning is reported without using the exact words, using a conjunction (usually 'that').
- Reporting Verb: The verb outside the quotes (say, tell, ask, etc.)
- Reported Speech: The part inside the quotes.
- Connectors: 'that' (for statements), 'if/whether' (for yes/no questions), 'wh-word' (for wh-questions), 'to' (for commands/requests).
Example: He said, "I work hard." → He said that he worked hard.
Pronouns को बदलने का नियम (SON – Subject, Object, No change):
- First Person (I, we, me, my, etc.): Subject of reporting verb के अनुसार बदलता है।
Example: She said, "I am happy." → She said that she was happy. - Second Person (you, your, etc.): Object of reporting verb के अनुसार बदलता है।
Example: He said to me, "You are smart." → He told me that I was smart. - Third Person (he, she, it, they, etc.): कोई बदलाव नहीं होता।
Example: He said, "She sings well." → He said that she sang well.
यदि Reporting Verb Past Tense (said, told) में है, तो Reported Speech का Tense बदल जाता है:
- Present Simple → Past Simple ("I like pizza." → He said he liked pizza.)
- Present Continuous → Past Continuous ("I am reading." → He said he was reading.)
- Present Perfect → Past Perfect ("I have gone." → He said he had gone.)
- Past Simple → Past Perfect ("I went." → He said he had gone.)
- Will → Would, Can → Could, May → Might
⚠️ Exception: यदि Reporting Verb Present/Future में है या Reported Speech Universal Truth (सार्वभौमिक सत्य) है, तो Tense नहीं बदलता।
Time and Place के reference बदल जाते हैं क्योंकि वक्त/स्थान बदल गया है:
| Direct | → Indirect |
|---|---|
| Now | Then |
| Today | That day |
| Tomorrow | The next day / the following day |
| Yesterday | The previous day / the day before |
| Here | There |
| Ago | Before |
| This | That |
| These | Those |
Example: She said, "I am going here now." → She said that she was going there then.
- Commands / Requests (Imperative): Reporting Verb को ordered/requested में बदलें, और 'to' + Verb का प्रयोग करें।
Example: He said, "Please sit down." → He requested me to sit down.
Example: He said, "Go away." → He ordered me to go away. - Yes/No Questions: 'if' या 'whether' का प्रयोग करें, और Subject + Verb की order बने।
Example: He asked, "Are you coming?" → He asked if I was coming. - Wh-Questions: Wh-word को ही connector के रूप में रखें, Subject + Verb की order बने।
Example: He asked, "Where are you going?" → He asked where I was going.